Здесь находится ряд упражнений на чтение текстов научно-популярного характера на английском языке. Все тексты озвучены для самопроверки правильности чтения. Чтение отрывка текста является одним из заданий устной части ЕГЭ по английскому языку.
Задание формулируется следующим образом:
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
Представьте, что вы готовит проект со своим другом. Вы нашли интересный материал для презентации и хотите прочитать его другу. У вас полторы минуты для чтения текста “про себя”, потом будьте готовы прочитать его вслух. На чтение у вас будет не более полутора минут.
Задание 1 на чтение отрывка
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Six of Earth’s seven continents are inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populated continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants. This accounts for 60% of the worlds population. The two most populated countries of the world are China and India. These countries together constitute about 37% of the whole population of our planet. Africa is the second most populated continent. It is home for about one billion people. This makes 15% of the world’s population. Europe has 733 million people and this makes up 12%. Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million people (9 %). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%). What about Antarctica? Though it is not permanently inhabited by anybody, Antarctica has a small, changing international population, living in polar science stations.
Задание 2 на чтение отрывка
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Medicine has existed for thousands of years. At first, medicine was rather an art than science. It was little based on skills and knowledge but, instead, it had connections to the religious beliefs. At the early stages of medicine, doctors relied on religious rituals in the same way as on medication. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing. The first physicians thought that bloodletting was the best treatment of all. In recent centuries, since the advent of science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science. Much depends on the talent of the doctor and on the efficiency of drugs and surgery. Nowadays, we come to understand more and more about our body and to know what is going on inside the cells. Also, genetic engineering opens up new perspectives for treating inherited diseases. And, of course, new medical technologies have already saves millions of lives.
Задание 3 на чтение отрывка
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Early in the morning, Evenki natives in the hills northwest of Lake Baikal observed a column of blue light. It was nearly as bright as the Sun, and it was moving across the sky. About ten minutes later, there was a flash and a sound similar to artillery fire. Eyewitnesses reported that the source of the sound was moving from the east to the north following the movement of the blue light. The sound was accompanied by a shock wave that knocked people off their feet and broke windows in the houses hundreds of kilometres away. As it often happens, eyewitnesses’ accounts varied regarding the sequence and duration of the events. On that day the legendary Tungus meteorite or a small comet fell on the Earth near the river called Podkamennaya Tunguska in Siberia. It happened at about seven o’clock in the morning, on the 30th of June 1908. The first expedition came to the site only ten years later.
Задание 4 на чтение отрывка
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Throughout the history of education the most common means of maintaining discipline in schools was corporal punishment. While a child was at school, a teacher was expected to act as a parent, with the same means of making children obey as the parents had. This often meant that school students were often punished with a cane if they did something wrong. Corporal punishment at schools has now disappeared from all European countries. Thirty-one US states have banned it, but the other nineteen states (mostly in the South) continue to allow corporal punishment in schools. Teachers have the right to apply corporal punishment, although many choose not to do so. Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. Generally speaking, most countries retain punishment for misbehavior, but it usually takes non-corporal forms such as detention after the lessons. In Russia corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1863.
Задание 5 на чтение отрывка
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A female chimp has learned how to use the Arabic numerals, 1 to 9, to memorise the order of five numbers. She, unlike males, was able to remember the sequence of at least five numbers. This is the same or even more than pre-school children can do. It comes as no surprise to scientists who discover something else that chimpanzees can do every year, bringing them closer to us. People can normally remember a sevendigit number at first sight. This is our brain’s “magic number”. A chimp’s brain is only half the size of ours. Yet, they remember five digits. In an experiment, a chimp was shown five numbers on a computer screen. Her task was then to touch each number in the correct order. In order to perform the task successfully, she had to memorise all the numbers. And she did. She got the fourth number correct 90 % of the time, and the fifth number correct 65 % of the time.
Задание 6 на чтение отрывка
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Human evolution is a lengthy process of change by which people originated from their apelike ancestors. The traits that we today recognize as human evolved over a period of approximately six million years. One of the earliest human traits was the ability to walk on two legs. This ability evolved some four million years ago. A large and complex brain, the ability to use tools and the capacity for language have developed more recently. Some studies lead us to believe that humans have some relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Scientists say that humans and the great apes of Africa — chimpanzees and gorillas — share a common ancestor who lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. However, researchers do not all agree about how these species are related to the modern human. Genetic research into this relationship has produced some controversial results and more discoveries, perhaps sensational ones, are to be expected.
Задание 7 на чтение отрывка
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Cheating in tests is becoming more sophisticated. These cases are referred to as exam-room cheating. The statistical findings show that between 3-5% of exam candidates are likely to be cheating with almost none of these pupils being caught. A recent trend has been for more friends, helping their peers to see questions in advance. This has been prompted by increasingly high demands on the learners to perform well. If the supervision in exam rooms becomes lax, cheating is always on the rise. Cheating appears to be a global phenomenon with little cultural variation. Originally it was thought that cheating was more typical for the so called “face-saving” cultures where the observable behaviour is not the same as unobserved actions. Wherever the stakes are high and there is an advantage and an opportunity to cheat, it seems to happen everywhere. Highly industrialised and poor nations think alike.
Задание 8 на чтение отрывка
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Here is some advice about good manners and etiquette when eating food. If you are invited to dinner and you cannot eat a certain type of food, tell your host several days before the dinner party. If you are a guest, it is polite to wait until your host starts eating or when your host shows you in some way that you can start eating without waiting for him or her. Mind that is good manners to chew and swallow the food that is in your mouth and only then should you take a drink. Remember to show your appreciation of the food from time to time. It is a popular mistake that chicken can be eaten with your fingers. In fact, a piece of chicken or a slice of pizza can be eaten with your fingers if you are at a barbecue or in an informal company. Otherwise always use a knife and a fork. It is useful to note that when eating bread rolls, break off a piece of bread and only then use the knife for buttering the bread. If you are using the knife, do not lick or put your knife in your mouth even though there is something delicious on the blade. You will certainly not put your elbows on the table and you will never reach for food over somebody’s plate. Always ask for something you need to be passed over to you. And, you had better not talk with food in your mouth to tell others something interesting.
Задание 9 на чтение отрывка
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The less children play video games, or watch television, the less aggressive they become, suggests a scientific study. The American research looked at the effects of reducing the amount of computer games played, or television watched by third and fourth graders, who are aged approximately eight or nine. It was found that the more television and computer games the children had seen, the more aggressive they were. This means that television, and, more recently, games have a direct influence on such behaviour. There are potential benefits in reducing the amount of access children have to TV or computer games. This is supported by the findings of reductions in physical and verbal aggression in children who have limited exposure to television, video and computer games. Watching aggressive behaviour shapes the way children see the world and their behaviour. They learn that angry people do aggressive things and start to imitate if the circumstances prompt similar solutions.
Задание 10 на чтение отрывка
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Every nation has its customs. Modern Americans are very serious about body hygiene while in the 19th century washing one’s body frequently was considered bad for health as it “removed protection from the skin”. Most Western people think it proper to enter a house without changing shoes, while in Korea it is a desecration of the house. An American, greeting a stranger by saying “Hi mate, great to meet you!” may not be favourably regarded in a country where more formal modes of address are usual. In the West, business cards are given a cursory glance. In Japan, they are regarded with respect. In Britain, most business presentations would include a joke, which is unheard of at conferences in Japan or China. Small talk and relationship building are considered important in the Arab world between a seller and a customer. British people prefer talking about the weather. The Japanese value silence while the Italians like to express emotions.
Задание 11 на чтение отрывка
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People experience stress when they have much work to do, when they receive a promotion at work, when their car has a flat tire, when their dog gets sick, when they are worried about getting laid off their job or about having enough money to pay their bills, when their best friend and his wife come to stay at their house for a week and on many other occasions. If you are used to thinking that stress is something that makes you worry, you have the wrong idea of stress. Very hot or very cold climate can be stressful. Change of hormones in teenagers can cause stress. Taking responsibilities for other people is one of the major stressors in those who work as managers. Many people carry enormous stress and do not even realize it. To our body stress is synonymous with change. Anything that causes some change in your life causes stress.
Задание 12 на чтение отрывка
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It’s not at all easy to say what a fairy-tale is or why some stories are called fairytales. Fairy-tales do not have to be stories about fairies. Fairy-tales are part of folklore, but folktales are not necessarily fairy-tales. Fairy-tales are similar to myths and legends but are not myths and legends. Fairy-tales come from oral storytelling tradition but fairy-tales have been written down on paper by many authors. Sometimes a literary fairy-tale comes first on paper and only then it is taken back into oral tradition and becomes folklore. Simply put a fairy-tale is a story about magic with something supernatural and mysterious. Usually a fairy-tale is a story that happens in the past. If it happens sometime at the beginning of the world, then it is a myth. If this story names a specific person described as “real”, then it is a legend.
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1
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
… You don’t see many birds in winter. Most have left your area. Those that stay are not as active. Activity uses energy that is needed to keep warm. The worst problems for birds in winter are getting enough heat and holding on to the heat once it is made. These are problems for all birds. But it is especially true for very small ones. They cannot find enough food. The weather stays so cold for so long that they cannot eat enough to keep alive. But birds have many ways of fighting the cold.
You shiver to keep warm. The heat that you make is made mostly in your muscles. The muscles make more heat when they are active. So one way of keeping warm is to move about, use your muscles. Another way is to shiver. When your body needs heat, the muscles tighten and loosen quickly. They become active. Just as you shiver to keep warm, so do birds.
Источник: Демонстрационная версия ЕГЭ—2015 по английскому языку
2
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
How many nostrils do you have? Four. Two you can see, two you can’t. This discovery came from observing how fish breathe. Fish get their oxygen from water. Most of them have two pairs of nostrils, a forward-facing set for letting water in and a pair of «exhaust pipes» for letting it out again. The question is, if humans evolved from fishes, where did the other pair of nostrils go. The answer is that they migrated back inside the head to become internal. To do this they somehow had to work their way back through the teeth.
Similar gaps between the teeth can also be seen at an early stage of the human birth. When they fail to join up, the result is a cleft palate. So one ancient fish explains two ancient human mysteries. The most recent research on noses, incidentally, shows that we use each of our two external nostrils to detect different smells.
Источник: РЕШУ ЕГЭ
3
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
Antarctica is the driest place on Earth. Parts of the continent have seen no rain for two million years. A desert is technically defined as a place that receives less than 10 inches of rain a year. The Sahara gets just 1 inch of rain a year.
As well as the driest place on Earth, Antarctica can also claim to be the wettest and the windiest. Seventy percent of the world’s fresh water is found there in the form of ice, and its wind speeds are the fastest ever recorded. The unique conditions in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica are caused by so-called katabatic winds. These occur when cold, dense air is pulled downhill simply by the force of gravity. Though Antarctica is a desert, these completely dry parts of it are called, somewhat ironically, oases. They are so similar to conditions on Mars that NASA used them to test the Viking mission.
Источник: РЕШУ ЕГЭ
4
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
The highest mountain is located on Mars. The giant volcano Mount Olympus is the highest mountain in the solar system and in the known universe. At 14 miles and 388 miles across, it is almost three times the height of Mount Everest and so wide that its base would cover Arizona, or the whole of the area of the British Isles. The crater on the top is around 45 miles wide and over nearly 2 miles deep, easily big enough to swallow London.
We traditionally measure mountains by their height. If we measured them by their size, it would be meaningless to isolate one mountain in a range from the rest. That being so, Mount Everest would dwarf Olympus Mons. It is part of the gigantic range which is nearly 1,500 miles long.
Источник: РЕШУ ЕГЭ
5
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.
The ostrich is the bird that lays the smallest egg for its size. Although it is the largest single cell in nature, an ostrich egg is less than 2 per cent of the weight of the mother. A wren’s egg, by comparison, is 13 per cent of its weight. The largest egg in comparison with the size of the bird is that of the Little Spotted kiwi. Its egg accounts for 26 per cent of its own weight.
An ostrich egg weighs as much as twenty-four hen’s eggs; to soft-boil one takes forty-five minutes. Queen Victoria tucked into one for breakfast and declared it among the best meals she had ever eaten. The largest egg laid by any animal – including the dinosaurs – belonged to the elephant bird of Madagascar, which became extinct in 1700. It was ten times the size of an ostrich egg, nine litres in volume and the equivalent of 180 chicken’s eggs.
Источник: РЕШУ ЕГЭ
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преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков Ярославского государственного медицинского университета.
Эксперт: методика преподавания иностранных языков (английский и латинский)
Прочтение текста вслух порой на первый взгляд кажется несложной задачей. Согласно критериям оценивания выполнения заданий устной части максимальное количество баллов, которое обучающийся может набрать, составляет всего один балл. Однако порой даже он бывает решающим при поступлении в желаемое образовательное учреждение. В связи с этим необходимо совершенствовать фонетические навыки: грамотно интонировать предложения, учитывать ударные и неударные части речи, помнить правила чтения различных буквосочетаний, а также помнить о фонетических особенностях заимствованных слов.
Согласно критериям оценивания, допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе одна-две ошибки, искажающие смысл. Грубая ошибка означает: невозможно понять, что произнес обучающийся.
Цель тренировочных упражнений для прочтения текста вслух – совершенствовать фонетические навыки учащихся, которые пригодятся им для последующих заданий в устной части.
Уровень упражнений B1-B2
Используемые ресурс для примера текста: http://fipi.ru/ege-i-gve-11/demoversii-specifikacii-kodifikatory
Пример текста (Демонстрационный вариант 2019 г.):
When you hear the word “panda”, Kung Fu Panda is the first thing that comes to your mind. Pandas are an extremely popular animal. They look nice. Even small children recognize a panda when they see it. Still, most present-day toddlers know about pandas from movies and not books. Pandas are also called “panda bears”. The general life span of a panda is about 20 years if they are wild. It can be to 25 years if they are captive and protected. There is an interesting thing about the eye patch of the panda. When a panda is a cub, it is circular in shape. Along its life journey it changes to the shape of a teardrop. Pandas are only found in China. For quite a while now, Chinese people have used panda as a symbol of peace. In ancient times, a white flag with a picture of panda was raised in order to declare peace during wars.
Упражнения на совершенствование произношения
- Данное упражнение можно выполнять в группах, парах и индивидуально. Оно направлено на дифференциацию звуков окончания –s или –es. Обучающимся нужно придумать свою скороговорку о панде таким образом, чтобы в ней были звонкие, шипящие и глухие звуки. За каждое правильно произнесенное слово – один балл.
- Example: What a pretty toddler comes to us from movies, watches and raises to declare peace during wars.
- Следующее упражнение направлено на разницу в чтении схожих по написанию слов, но разных по звучанию. Задача обучающихся – удалить, заменить или добавить гласную, сочетание гласных, согласную или сочетание согласных в исходном слове и прочитать новое слово грамотно. Удаление, замену или добавление можно сделать всего один раз. Гласный звук или согласный звук должен читаться по-разному в каждой паре. Данное задание можно также осуществлять в группах, парах и индивидуально. Слова из текста можно подготовить заранее, либо обучающиеся могут сами выбрать необходимые слова. В группах со средним уровнем развития фонетических навыков можно разрешать пользоваться словарем. Обучающиеся любят играть со словами в любом возрасте.
Упражнение на совершенствование фразового ударения и интонации
Предварительно необходимо напомнить обучающимся, что:
- вспомогательные глаголы, модальные глаголы, глагол to be, предлоги, частицы, союзы, артикли, личные и притяжательные местоимения не выделяются голосом;
- существительные, прилагательные, наречия, числительные, смысловые глаголы, вопросительные и указательные местоимения – ударные;
- в неударных словах гласные звуки редуцируются;
- необходимо выделять даже неударное слово, если у него есть смысловая нагрузка;
- необходимо выделяем ударением последнее слово в смысловой группе;
- следует делать паузы между смысловыми отрезками – группами слов, объединенных между собой грамматически и по смыслу;
- интонацию нужно повышать при перечислении, кроме последнего, если он является концом повествовательного предложения; перед обстоятельством в начале предложения;
- интонацию необходимо понижать в конце предложения;
- предлоги и артикли нужно читать слитно с глаголами и существительными.
Упражнение–игра “We are teachers!”
Данное упражнение-игра помогает учащимся закрепить большое количество правил по фразовому ударению и интонации. А также учит умению объективно оценивать ответы друг друга согласно критериям, заявленным в ЕГЭ.
Подготовительный этап: разделить обучающихся на несколько групп и выдать равные части текста из демонстрационного варианта ЕГЭ.
Ход игры:
Учащиеся получают отрывки из текста, критерии оценивания других групп. Далее за 5 минут они расставляют знаки-символы в отрывках текста и читают вслух внутри группы.
После этого каждая группа слушает друг друга и отмечает плюсом наличие правильной интонации, расстановки пауз, фразового ударения в своих карточках. В группе каждый участник читает целый отрывок.
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Задания ниже полностью соответствуют формату ЕГЭ-2023.
Задание №S1_01 скачать pdf
Задание №S1_02 скачать pdf
Задание №S1_03 скачать pdf
Задание №S1_04 скачать pdf
Задание №S1_05 скачать pdf
Очень хочется написать о том, почему устная часть ЕГЭ не отражает реальных разговорных навыков ученика, но сдержусь. Вместо этого обсудим более актуальные вопросы – из чего состоит говорение на Едином государственном экзамене и как его победить.
Задания устной части
Устная часть Единого государственного экзамена состоит из 4-х заданий:
- Чтение текста
- Диалог-расспрос с опорой
- Ответ на вопросы
- Устный проект
На все это отводится 20 минут. За правильное выполнение всех заданий можно получить 20 баллов.
Особенностью этой части экзамена является то, что он сдается на компьютере. Вы приходите в специально оборудованный класс и получаете диск с программой. Запускаете программу на компьютере, надеваете гарнитуру и следуете указаниям на экране. Посмотреть, как это будет выглядеть на экзамене, можно в онлайн тренажере тут. На дисплее вы будете видеть таймер, который поможет самостоятельно отслеживать время ответа.
Если с программой возникают какие-то сложности, вам поможет ассистент, который присутствует в классе. После записи каждого задания ученик сможет прослушать себя. Обратите внимание, что если ответ не записался, или записался с сильными помехами, нужно обязательно сказать об этом ассистенту! Если вы этого не сделаете, неправильно записанный ответ уйдет на оценку эксперту.
Чтение текста
Задание 1 устной части экзамена представляет собой чтение текста научно-популярной тематики. Легенда гласит, что вы готовитесь к докладу на иностранном языке и репетируете его перед другом.
На подготовку к заданию дают 1.5 минуты, и на чтение текста также отводится 1.5 минуты. Текст небольшой, так что вполне реально уложиться в это время.
Вот пример такого задания:
Критерии оценивания
За задание можно получить всего 1 балл, если “речь воспринимается легко: необоснованные паузы отсутствуют; фразовое ударение и интонационные контуры, произношение слов без нарушений нормы. Допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе одна-две ошибки, искажающие смысл”.
Ошибкой, искажающей смысл, считается:
- Замена звука, которая приводит к изменению смысла слова. Например, live произносится с долгой гласной – leave, cut – как cart. Или put произносят с гласной “а” в середине, а science – с двумя согласными в начале.
- Неправильная постановка пауз при чтении текста.
К простым фонетическим ошибкам относят:
- Неправильное чтение предложений с перечислением (должно быть с восходящей интонацией)
- Неправильная интонация утвердительных предложений (должна быть с нисходящим тоном)
- Неправильная постановка логического ударения (оно должно падать на слова, несущие основной смысл в предложении – скорее всего, это существительное или глагол)
- Неправильное произношение звуков, типичных для английского языка, подмена их произношения на русские звуки: [θ], [ð], [w], [h], [ŋ], [ɜ:]
- Отсутствие «связующего r» (linking r) – то есть, озвучивание конечной r/re в позиции перед гласной, если с гласной начинается следующее слово (например, where is…, there are … )
Внимание! Задание оценивается в 0 баллов, если:
- участник экзамена не сумел (не успел) прочитать весь текст в отведенное за это время, за исключением случая, если экзаменуемый не успел дочитать одно-два слова, в этом случае оценка будет зависеть от качества прочтения текста;
- участник экзамена при чтении пропустил строку или ее часть;
- участник экзамена допустил более пяти фонетических ошибок или 1-2 фонетические ошибки, искажающие смысл.
Подготовка
На самом деле, получить за первое задание максимум – 1 балл – не представляет труда.
Как я тренирую чтение вслух с учениками:
- Выбираю текст (беру тексты для чтения из учебников Solutions уровня Intermediate и Upper-Intermediate – они там озвучены), слушаем.
- Общими силами разбираем непонятные места.
- Ищем подходящий по размеру отрывок.
- Просматриваем его и отмечаем смысловые паузы вертикальными черточками – | .
- Подчеркиваем слова, несущие смысл (все служебные – артикли, предлоги, местоимения, вспомогательные глаголы – игнорируем).
- Слушаем отрывок еще раз и повторяем за диктором, потом ученик читает сам.
Потом задаю на дом этот же алгоритм и слушаю ученика на уроке. Ниже пример разобранного таким макаром текста:
Про правила чтения, которым я уделяю внимание при подготовке, я уже писала в этой, этой и этой статье. Это статьи про ОГЭ, первое задание в обоих экзаменах очень похоже. Также по ссылкам вы найдете упражнения на изученные звуки.
Советы
- Купите книгу по устной части – в ней найдете больше упражнений для тренировки этого задания.
- Тренируйтесь дома с диктофоном, прослушивайте себя и отмечайте ошибки. Так как на экзамене вы столкнетесь с шумовыми помехами в лице других студентов, которые начнут говорить вместе с вами и будут вас раздражать, советую еще при тренировке включать телевизор или радио для имитации этого самого раздражителя.
- Если вы не знаете, как читается слово (например, shallow) – вспоминайте, как читаются похожие слова (narrow) и читайте по аналогии. При подготовке настойчиво рекомендую произношение всех трудных слов сверять со словарем
- Делайте паузы на знаках препинания и выделяйте интонацией самостоятельные части речи
- Не торопитесь! 90 секунд вполне достаточно, чтобы в спокойном темпе прочитать весь текст
- Если вы поняли, что прочитали какое-то слово неправильно – перечитайте его правильно. Засчитан будет только последний вариант прочтения слова.
- Перед устной частью экзамена с утречка проговорите один вариант дома
Для подготовки к этой части экзамена я, как всегда, рекомендую задания с сайта ФИПИ.
Если вы этого еще не сделали – покупайте план ЕГЭ, который помог более 1.000 преподавателей по английскому подготовить своих учеников на высокие баллы
P.S. Про разделы и стратегии выполнения заданий ЕГЭ можно почитать статьи:
Аудирование или задания 1 — 9
Чтение или задания 10 — 18
Грамматика или задания 19 — 25
Словообразование или задания 26 — 31
Лексика или задания 32-38
Личное письмо или задание 39
Проект или задание 40
Устная часть, задание 2
Устная часть, задание 3
Устная часть, задание 4
ELTgram от Ирины Кузнецовой
Practise
reading aloud:
Stress is
the feeling of being under emotional pressure and is the body’s way
of attempting to deal with a tough situation. It can be caused by
anything from a real physical threat such as bullying to a simple
fear of making a presentation in front of the class and can affect
how you think, feel, behave and how your body functions. When the
body feels stressed, it produces hormones to make you more alert and
capable of handling the situation. These hormones speed up the
metabolism by increasing breathing and heart rate and raising blood
pressure.
A reasonable amount of
stress is good for the body. It keeps you on your toes and improves
your performance. However, frequent stress causes the nervous system
to remain on alert and to produce excessive amounts of stress
hormones. This can have an adverse effect on your performance, leave
you feeling tired and weakened and eventually cause health problems
such as acne, high blood pressure, depression or other diseases.
Obviously, managing stress should be on everyone’s mind.
Задание 1 на чтение отрывка
Six of Earth’s seven continents are inhabited on a large scale. Asia is the most populated continent, with its 4.3 billion inhabitants. This accounts for 60% of the worlds population. The two most populated countries of the world are China and India. These countries together constitute about 37% of the whole population of our planet. Africa is the second most populated continent. It is home for about one billion people. This makes 15% of the world’s population. Europe has 733 million people and this makes up 12%. Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million people (9 %). Northern America, primarily consisting of the United States and Canada, has a population of around 352 million (5%), and Oceania, the least populated region, has about 35 million inhabitants (0.5%). What about Antarctica? Though it is not permanently inhabited by anybody, Antarctica has a small, changing international population, living in polar science stations.
Задание 2 на чтение отрывка
Play текст
Medicine has existed for thousands of years. At first, medicine was rather an art than science. It was little based on skills and knowledge but, instead, it had connections to the religious beliefs. At the early stages of medicine, doctors relied on religious rituals in the same way as on medication. For example, a medicine man would apply herbs and say prayers for healing. The first physicians thought that bloodletting was the best treatment of all. In recent centuries, since the advent of science, most medicine has become a combination of art and science. Much depends on the talent of the doctor and on the efficiency of drugs and surgery. Nowadays, we come to understand more and more about our body and to know what is going on inside the cells. Also, genetic engineering opens up new perspectives for treating inherited diseases. And, of course, new medical technologies have already saves millions of lives.
Задание 3 на чтение отрывка
Play текст
Early in the morning, Evenki natives in the hills northwest of Lake Baikal observed a column of blue light. It was nearly as bright as the Sun, and it was moving across the sky. About ten minutes later, there was a flash and a sound similar to artillery fire. Eyewitnesses reported that the source of the sound was moving from the east to the north following the movement of the blue light. The sound was accompanied by a shock wave that knocked people off their feet and broke windows in the houses hundreds of kilometres away. As it often happens, eyewitnesses’ accounts varied regarding the sequence and duration of the events. On that day the legendary Tungus meteorite or a small comet fell on the Earth near the river called Podkamennaya Tunguska in Siberia. It happened at about seven o’clock in the morning, on the 30th of June 1908. The first expedition came to the site only ten years later.
Задание 4 на чтение отрывка
Play текст
Throughout the history of education the most common means of maintaining discipline in schools was corporal punishment. While a child was at school, a teacher was expected to act as a parent, with the same means of making children obey as the parents had. This often meant that school students were often punished with a cane if they did something wrong. Corporal punishment at schools has now disappeared from all European countries. Thirty-one US states have banned it, but the other nineteen states (mostly in the South) continue to allow corporal punishment in schools. Teachers have the right to apply corporal punishment, although many choose not to do so. Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. Generally speaking, most countries retain punishment for misbehavior, but it usually takes non-corporal forms such as detention after the lessons. In Russia corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1863.
Задание 5 на чтение отрывка
Play текст
A female chimp has learned how to use the Arabic numerals, 1 to 9, to memorise the order of five numbers. She, unlike males, was able to remember the sequence of at least five numbers. This is the same or even more than pre-school children can do. It comes as no surprise to scientists who discover something else that chimpanzees can do every year, bringing them closer to us. People can normally remember a sevendigit number at first sight. This is our brain’s “magic number”. A chimp’s brain is only half the size of ours. Yet, they remember five digits. In an experiment, a chimp was shown five numbers on a computer screen. Her task was then to touch each number in the correct order. In order to perform the task successfully, she had to memorise all the numbers. And she did. She got the fourth number correct 90 % of the time, and the fifth number correct 65 % of the time.
Задание 6 на чтение отрывка
Play текст
Human evolution is a lengthy process of change by which people originated from their apelike ancestors. The traits that we today recognize as human evolved over a period of approximately six million years. One of the earliest human traits was the ability to walk on two legs. This ability evolved some four million years ago. A large and complex brain, the ability to use tools and the capacity for language have developed more recently. Some studies lead us to believe that humans have some relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Scientists say that humans and the great apes of Africa — chimpanzees and gorillas — share a common ancestor who lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. However, researchers do not all agree about how these species are related to the modern human. Genetic research into this relationship has produced some controversial results and more discoveries, perhaps sensational ones, are to be expected.
Задание 7 на чтение отрывка
Cheating in tests is becoming more sophisticated. These cases are referred to as exam-room cheating. The statistical findings show that between 3-5% of exam candidates are likely to be cheating with almost none of these pupils being caught. A recent trend has been for more friends, helping their peers to see questions in advance. This has been prompted by increasingly high demands on the learners to perform well. If the supervision in exam rooms becomes lax, cheating is always on the rise. Cheating appears to be a global phenomenon with little cultural variation. Originally it was thought that cheating was more typical for the so called “face-saving” cultures where the observable behaviour is not the same as unobserved actions. Wherever the stakes are high and there is an advantage and an opportunity to cheat, it seems to happen everywhere. Highly industrialised and poor nations think alike.
Задание 8 на чтение отрывка
Here is some advice about good manners and etiquette when eating food. If you are invited to dinner and you cannot eat a certain type of food, tell your host several days before the dinner party. If you are a guest, it is polite to wait until your host starts eating or when your host shows you in some way that you can start eating without waiting for him or her. Mind that is good manners to chew and swallow the food that is in your mouth and only then should you take a drink. Remember to show your appreciation of the food from time to time. It is a popular mistake that chicken can be eaten with your fingers. In fact, a piece of chicken or a slice of pizza can be eaten with your fingers if you are at a barbecue or in an informal company. Otherwise always use a knife and a fork. It is useful to note that when eating bread rolls, break off a piece of bread and only then use the knife for buttering the bread. If you are using the knife, do not lick or put your knife in your mouth even though there is something delicious on the blade. You will certainly not put your elbows on the table and you will never reach for food over somebody’s plate. Always ask for something you need to be passed over to you. And, you had better not talk with food in your mouth to tell others something interesting.
Задание 9 на чтение отрывка
The less children play video games, or watch television, the less aggressive they become, suggests a scientific study. The American research looked at the effects of reducing the amount of computer games played, or television watched by third and fourth graders, who are aged approximately eight or nine. It was found that the more television and computer games the children had seen, the more aggressive they were. This means that television, and, more recently, games have a direct influence on such behaviour. There are potential benefits in reducing the amount of access children have to TV or computer games. This is supported by the findings of reductions in physical and verbal aggression in children who have limited exposure to television, video and computer games. Watching aggressive behaviour shapes the way children see the world and their behaviour. They learn that angry people do aggressive things and start to imitate if the circumstances prompt similar solutions.
Задание 10 на чтение отрывка
Every nation has its customs. Modern Americans are very serious about body hygiene while in the 19th century washing one’s body frequently was considered bad for health as it “removed protection from the skin”. Most Western people think it proper to enter a house without changing shoes, while in Korea it is a desecration of the house. An American, greeting a stranger by saying “Hi mate, great to meet you!” may not be favourably regarded in a country where more formal modes of address are usual. In the West, business cards are given a cursory glance. In Japan, they are regarded with respect. In Britain, most business presentations would include a joke, which is unheard of at conferences in Japan or China. Small talk and relationship building are considered important in the Arab world between a seller and a customer. British people prefer talking about the weather. The Japanese value silence while the Italians like to express emotions.
Задание 11 на чтение отрывка
People experience stress when they have much work to do, when they receive a promotion at work, when their car has a flat tire, when their dog gets sick, when they are worried about getting laid off their job or about having enough money to pay their bills, when their best friend and his wife come to stay at their house for a week and on many other occasions. If you are used to thinking that stress is something that makes you worry, you have the wrong idea of stress. Very hot or very cold climate can be stressful. Change of hormones in teenagers can cause stress. Taking responsibilities for other people is one of the major stressors in those who work as managers. Many people carry enormous stress and do not even realize it. To our body stress is synonymous with change. Anything that causes some change in your life causes stress.
Задание 12 на чтение отрывка
It’s not at all easy to say what a fairy-tale is or why some stories are called fairytales. Fairy-tales do not have to be stories about fairies. Fairy-tales are part of folklore, but folktales are not necessarily fairy-tales. Fairy-tales are similar to myths and legends but are not myths and legends. Fairy-tales come from oral storytelling tradition but fairy-tales have been written down on paper by many authors. Sometimes a literary fairy-tale comes first on paper and only then it is taken back into oral tradition and becomes folklore. Simply put a fairy-tale is a story about magic with something supernatural and mysterious. Usually a fairy-tale is a story that happens in the past. If it happens sometime at the beginning of the world, then it is a myth. If this story names a specific person described as “real”, then it is a legend.
Примечание: Подробнее о разделе “Устная часть” ЕГЭ по английскому языку можно прочитать здесь.
При выполнении задания 1 ЕГЭ в разделе “Говорение” необходимо соблюдать правила чтения, выдерживать паузы где это необходимо, читать чётко и внятно.
В данной статье мы разберемся с Вами с критериями оценивания, стратегиями решения данного задания и т.д. и т.п.
Формат задания – научно-популярный текст.
Время на подготовку – 1,5 минуты.
Время на выполнение задания – 1,5 минуты.
Максимальный балл – 1 балл.
Критерии оценивания задания 1 на ЕГЭ
Максимальное количество баллов, которое можно получить в задании всего 1 балл.
| 1 балл | 0 баллов |
| речь воспринимается легко: – необоснованные паузы отсутствуют; – фразовое ударение и интонационные контуры соблюдаются; – произношение слов без нарушений нормы. Допускается не более пяти фонетических ошибок, в том числе, одна-две ошибки, искажающие смысл. |
— речь воспринимается с трудом из-за: – большого количества неестественных пауз, запинок; – неверной расстановки ударений и ошибок в произношении слов; – ИЛИ сделано более пяти (5) фонетических ошибок, не искажающих смысл; – ИЛИ сделано три и более фонетические ошибки, искажающие смысл. |
Типичные ошибки при сдаче задания 1 в ЕГЭ по английскому языку
- неправильное деление на смысловые синтагмы простых и сложных предложений.
- неправильное чтение синтагм с перечислением (нужно читать их с восходящей интонацией).
- неправильная интонация предложений с нисходящим тоном.
- неправильное произношение безударных слогов (отсутствие редукции).
- неправильное чтение слов с долгими и краткими гласными, которые влияют на изменение лексического значения слова: least [liːst] – list [list], leave [liːv] – live [liv], port [pɔːt] – pot [pɔt].
- неправильное чтение слов с глухими и звонкими согласными в конце слова, которые меняют значение слова: bad – bat, food – foot.
- неправильное чтение слов, в которых буквы пишутся, но не читаются: ballet, thistle, whole, muscles.
- неправильное произношение звуков, типичных для английского языка, подмена их произношения на русские звуки: [θ] — [ð], [w], [h], [ŋ], [ɜ:].
Рекомендации успешной сдачи задания 1 (чтение текста) на ЕГЭ по английскому языку
-
Повторить правила чтения букв в английском языке
- Rules of reading in English / English reading rules / Правила чтения в английском языке
- Правила чтения открытого и закрытого слога в английском языке
- Правила чтения -ed и -s в английском языке
Примечание: Подробнее о правилах чтения в английском языке можно прочитать в разделе “Чтение“.
-
Обязательно каждый день слушать англоговорящую речь
- Прослушивать радио BBC.
- Подобрать в интернете тексты, которые даны с аудио сопровождением и даже с заданиями. Повторяйте за диктором предложения, обращая внимание не только на произношение, но и на все те моменты, о которых будет говориться далее.
Например,
- “Randall’s Sites” по ссылке www.esl-lab.com/index.htm
- “Tune into English” по ссылке www.tuneintoenglish.com (Авторы сервиса предлагают петь караоке, делать диктанты или упражнения по текстам музыкальных композиций. Имеется база PDF с планами уроков английского по песням)
- “Puzzle English” по ссылке: www.puzzle-english.com (Авторы сервиса предлагают не только просматривать видео, фильмы, сериалы, интервью с актерами, но и выполнять по ним задания. Есть возможность включение и отключение субтитров, перевод отдельных слов во время просмотра, добавление новой лексики в словарик, тренировка новых фраз. Видеопаззлы и аудиопаззлы – фишки сервиса. Отдельный раздел посвящен грамматике.)
- “Ez Slang” по ссылке: www.ezslang.com (Авторы сервиса предлагают диалоги на английском языке, скрипт (сначала слушайте без него, а потом с ним). Идет обязательное объяснение интересных и необходимых выражений из диалога. Для дополнительной практики используются упражнения с самопроверкой.)
- “Learn at home” по ссылке: www.learnathome.ru (Русскоязычный интерфейс для тех, кто любит учить английский через видео. Среди материалов – фильмы, клипы, рекламные ролики, интервью, уроки. Часть уроков доступна, к сожалению, только в платном абонементе. Сразу после регистрации предлагается тест на проверку уровня изучения языка. Затем для вас каждый день формируется план занятий. Выполнение плана занимает около 30 минут. Практика на сайте выглядит так: вы смотрите видео ролик и набираете услышанный текст в строке, чтобы проверить понимание.)
- “Talk English” по ссылке www.talkenglish.com (Записи разделены на 3 уровня Basic (для новичков), Intermediate (для продолжающих), Advanced (для продвинутых). Выбирайте этап изучения языка и приступайте к урокам, открывая их в порядке, в котором они даются. Каждый урок включает в себя: 1) прослушивание диалога в аудио формате без подсказок; 2) ответы на вопросы, чтобы проверить качество понимания; 3) просмотр скрипта диалога (на этом этапе прослушайте аудио снова, следя по тексту).
-
Установить на компьютер “говорилку” или программу-читалку
На сегодняшний день возможности Интернета безграничны, можно найти для себя очень полезной информации. При успешной сдачи экзамена лучше всего будет скачать “говорилку” или программу, которая будет читать для вас любой выделенный текст. Конечно, искусственный голос уступает естественному, но по крайней мере слова будут произносится без ошибок.
Например,
- Говорилка “Govorilka” (ссылка: http://www.vector-ski.ru/vecs/govorilka/)
- Говорилка “Demagog” (ссылка: http://aloys.narod.ru/part3.htm)
- Программа “Tell me more”
Обратите внимание!
При выборе текстов, большинство российских учебников традиционно придерживается британского произношения, поэтому внимательно выбирайте соответствующую озвучку. Нежелательно смешивать при чтении одного текста BrE и AmE.
- Уметь читать стихотворение The Chaos (by Gerard Nolst Trenité)
В английском языке читать без ошибок непросто, так как существует слишком много исключений. Для отработки чтения слов-исключений можно взять стихотворение The Chaos (by Gerard Nolst Trenité) . После неоднократного чтения этого удивительного произведения, трудные слова сами запомнятся.
Примечание: Ознакомиться с стихотворением “Хаос” (“The Chaos”), написанным голландским писателем-путешественником Жераром Тринете (Gerard Nolst Trenité) можно здесь.
В заключении
Для удобства используйте голосовой рекордер “Vocaroo Voice Recorder” для записи и прослушивания ответов экзаменуемых. Таким образом, возможно отследить время, потраченное на чтение, проанализировать и исправить допущенные ошибки.